Comparing 600-1450 & 1450-1750 Essay Example for Free

Comparing 600-1450 1450-1750 Essay Periods of time have always been changing and evolving. The 600 to 1450 era had some similarities to the following era, the 1450 to the 1750; though as said before, there were the changes also. Many continuities and breaks occurred between both periods. There were the changes in their trading systems, the technology, their global interactions, urbanization, social systems, and their political government development. These events led to various inventions and some that are still used to this day. All the terms involving continuity during both time periods eventually changed and affected the era. Analyzing these ideas will help receive a better understanding of both periods. During the 600s to the 1450s, trading was mostly done by land. There were long-distance trading occurring then, but not as much sea travel and ocean trade routes as in the 1450s to 1750s time period. The post-classical period (600-1450) included the long-distance trade from the European to the African kingdoms. However, there wasn’t any constant trading happening between the eastern and western hemisphere. On the other side, during the time frame after this (1450-1750), trading was constant with the western and eastern hemispheres now connected by sea-based travel. World trade patterns where happening due to the Atlantic Ocean trade eventually crossing of the Pacific Ocean. Trading began with small items and grew to even humans, slaves. Trade routes influenced the cultures and belief systems back then also. Connections between different people brought both positive and negative effects. Technology also improved because of necessary traveling items. The technology during both of these time periods where advancing and improving. During the 1450-1750, these innovations strengthened their political organization and economic growth. Afterwards these two affected and altered the world trade pattern. In these early years, the Scientific Revolution occurred and the methods used by scientists then, are now the basis for science; for example mathematical formulation, empirical evidence, and freedom of inquiry. The Scientific Revolution was a new vision of science relying on the human reason for comprehending the scientific phenomena. This Revolution was brought by the earlier Renaissance and the Reformation. During the 1450-1750, there wasn’t a Scientific Revolution, but there was the forcing of converting to Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese towards the Amerindians. In the earlier era, it was optional for people to rely on the Scientific Revolution as their belief, but in the later era, Catholicism was forced into being the belief of all. In navigation technology, the Portuguese made great contributions including the magnetic compass and the astrolabe, helping mariners determine their locations at sea. They also made advancements in the design of ships. Caravel was the name of the newly developed ship by the Portuguese. Its size allowed the exploration of shallow coastal areas and rivers, and was also strong eno0ugh to withstand storms out on the ocean. This navigational technology made history. Socially, there were many important cultural changes. For example in the 600-1450, the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment were beliefs that oriented European minds toward science and invention. This allowed them to escape from the social and intellectual boundaries of the Middle Ages. Speaking first of the Renaissance, which was primarily launched in Italy, this was a time of â€Å"rebirth† to the intellectual and artistic creativity of the people. Humanism is the interest of an individual’s capabilities and accomplishments, but in the Italian Renaissance, humanism was reflected through philosophies, portrait painting, and autobiography. The Reformation occurred both in the Protestant group and later on in the Catholic people. The rebellions against the church were the Protestant Reformation, which began in 1517 by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded forcefully and began the Catholic Reformation. During this time, a Council of Trent rose and Jesuits was founded which traveled all around Europe trying to convince ex-members back. During the time when the Spanish were ruling over the Americas, the forced their way into that land and killed everyone they found. These conquistadors were cruel, slaughtering small children, pregnant women, and even old men. Their political development systems changed slightly and this caused a new turn to the governments’ ruling and its land/sea possession of trade. During the post-classical era, the kingdoms were long lasting overall. In the period after, there was a great expansion of their kingdoms. The Spanish and French kings gained enough power to turn into absolute monarchs, which held complete control over their kingdoms. The French kings also cultivated a belief in the divine right, which was the authority of king with God’s blessing. In other parts of Europe (Britain and the Netherlands) developed constitutionalism as their style of government. Though, the development of capitalism and technological advances was constant on all government types. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that produce goods to be sold in a free market. The joint-stock companies, back then, organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. In the â€Å"putting-out system†, entrepreneurs delivered the raw material to the workers in their home, from where they were transformed into finished products. The Portuguese established viceroyalties, which were the king’s representatives in the New World and wielded a great deal of power over their lands. They later became independent and set up their government in an urban area. Talking more about the time of 1450-1750, the Zhen He’s voyages were very important. I founded interesting that after Yongle’s death, the Ming government decided to stop the voyages, but if they hadn’t, might the Chinese have been the ones to discover the Americas first?!!? Overall, periodization has changed and had made an impact on us today. The era between the 600-1450s and the one of 1450-1750s were both very interesting and had marker events that shape our life today. Analyzing, comparing the continuities and the breaks help us get a better understanding on what really made history.

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Introduction We are experiencing unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. 60% of the ecosystem services (such as freshwater, fisheries, pollination and climate regulation) which biodiversity underpins are either degraded or in decline. Predictions are that this trend will worsen. It is clear that it has severe economic implications, not only for society but also for business as most industries depend on ecosystem services to function. The pharmaceutical sector is both dependent on and impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services or BES. Approximately 25% to 50% of the pharmaceutical market is derived from active ingredients from nature. The sector’s dependence on the BES stems from the use of active ingredients from nature in drug discovery and manufacture, the use of water and a reliance on inert raw materials such as fish oils, soya and palm oil in drug manufacturer. Impacts include water pollution from drug manufacturing and use, overexploitation of active ingredients from nature that can’t readily be synthesized and use of inert ingredients linked with environmental degradation. For the pharmaceutical sector, this may pose reputational, operational, regulatory and market risks as well as new opportunities linked to new drug discovery. Pharmaceutical industry investors may also face reputational and financial risks if the companies in which they invest do not adequately manage their own BES risks. All companies reviewed have started to consider the business implications of declining BES. However, none are managing the BES in a comprehensive manner. The focus of corporate activity has been on understanding site-level impacts on biodiversity such as risks associated with potential impacts on protected areas or water consump... ...e to determine company risk exposure in relation to BES. Lack of information on how companies are managing their risks and opportunities leads to decreased investor confidence. Companies should be encouraged to disclose more information on volume, nature and provenance of raw materials sourced, the outcomes of products and issue risk assessments and the activities underway to address them, if that assessment shows them to be material. References †¢ http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_disposal/index.html †¢ file:///C:/Users/De/Desktop/Media_release_-_pharmaceutical_companies_face_biodiversity_risk.pdf †¢ http://www.naturalvalueinitiative.org/content/010/102.php †¢ http://www.cefic.org/Documents/IndustrySupport/RC%20tools%20for%20SMEs/Document%20Tool%20Box/Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-services_What-are-they-all-about.pdf †¢ Biodiversity and Human Health By Jensa Bell

Girl by Jamaica Kincaid

The short story â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is a story of the belief that happiness steams from a life of domesticity. The central topics of gender roles in a family structure, and the expression of female sexuality and will be examined. A look into the mother’s beliefs on the necessity of serving your husband and remaining sexually conservative will be the focus. Secondly, the importance of food and clothes in the story will be looked at, providing evidence to the central claim of being content with this lifestyle. Lastly, the relationship between the mother and daughter will be discussed, reflecting on if the views of the mother will ultimately make the decisions for the daughter, as to the path she will follow in her own life. The portrayal of gender roles in this story shows the husband as the breadwinner and the wife staying home to tend to the house and children. This could be considered traditional, however we would consider it outdated in western society today. This story has the mother, teaching her daughter her place in Antiguan society, most likely in the fifties, and in a marriage. This is demonstrated though the teaching of everyday tasks she will need to know to run a household smoothly. It is also clear that the mother’s life reflects these ideals that a husband should be the one working and the wife is to be happy and content by taking pride in her home. The mother also has very strong views on behavior and throughout the story gives many warnings on this such as â€Å"on Sundays try and walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming†. This is a very clear statement giving us an idea of the mother’s values with female sexuality as well as a reflection on the values at that time. She wants her daughter to find a husband and she believes kept pure, and with the knowledge of how to run a successful household, she will be a prize for any man. Abstinence sounds great in theory, but this is not always the case for young women. In this time, expectations are to be wed and then have sex. As much as the mother would like to keep her daughter from having sex, from warning her, and teaching her things like letting then hem of her dress down to be longer, she does realize this may not happen. It is interesting how she feels it necessary to teach her how to get rid of a baby. This reference to abortion at this time shows how crucial the need to keep up appearances at any cost can be, even if it is illegal or against moral and religious beliefs. Food and clothes play an important role in many of the mother’s teachings. The mother shows the daughter how to cook pumpkin fritters, bread pudding, pepper pot and doukona. Some of these dishes are traditional Antiguan which shows the importance of tradition and doing things the way they always have been done. The mother also teachers her how to set tables specifically for different meals. This shows how in the household, eating together is an important part of her ideal home and family. The role of bread in this story is crucial. At the end, he mother teaches her how to squeeze the bread to tell if it is fresh. The daughter, replies â€Å"but what if the baker wont let me feel the bread? † The mother frustrated after all of her lessons is upset that her daughter has not gotten the point that if you do all of these things, you will not have to worry about it because the baker will respect you. The role of the clothes is quite similar to that of food. She teaches her daughter to keep things clean, how to separate the colors from the darks and lights, as well as when to wash each. This particular example shows how much importance the mother places on routine. She also mentions the pressing of her husband’s khaki pants, showing that the way he presents himself can be a reflection of her. Hemming dresses and skirts was looked at with relation to female sexuality earlier, but it also is an example of how much importance is placed on appearances. The relationship between the mother and daughter in this story is important to recognize because the mother seems to hold preconceived notions about what daughter will or will not become. Following most instructions her mother provides, the mother concludes the set with some mention of her daughter being bent on becoming a slut. It seems like she uses this word to encompass any from of deviance from the social norm. It’s questionable as to why her mother has such a strong fear that her daughter will become his—we do not have any specific examples identifying any reason for her to think such things of her own child. Therefore, we lack the ability to argue for or against such a point. However, this might be a difference in generation, perhaps the girl’s mother is stuck in the ways to which she was taught by women in her family before hand. Perhaps her mother has a fear that her daughter is going astray from her values or living a modernized life that she is so unfa miliar with. We tend to fear what is unfamiliar, especially when it happens so close to home. Parents always want to teach their children what they know, however, children don’t always choose to follow. Whether the daughter chooses to listen and follow, or listen and lead her own life, it is clear that her mother has had a significant impact on the daughters life. The importance of domesticity to the mother, and having her daughter display a conservative sexuality ties back to the behaviours related to food and cloth in this story. The mother places this vital importance on household knowledge and respectable appearances, believing they are the key to overall happiness. This is clearly not the case. For some people this type of life could bring them a sense of fulfillment or accomplishment. However, for others, this may not feel like a life of their own and could live always feeling empty or wanting something more. People should be given the choice to do what they want. Unfortunately in this time, women did not get that luxury.

The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1791 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? According to Elaine Showalter, madness gives women an excuse for expressing anger and hostility. Madness can give women the courage to stand up for themselves in a patriarchal society. Patriarchal is an adjective that describes an area where men have authority and power over women. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily" essay for you Create order A patriarchal society consists of men having power over women in society in general as well as in relationships. The word mad can describe a person who is severely mentally ill or out of their minds. Many situations can cause someone to go mad or insane such as isolation, obsession, or loss of control. Although these two short stories have multiple similarities and differences, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner both explore the idea of women losing themselves to madness caused by the patriarchal society. The pressure of the patriarchal society drives them to isolation, obsession, and then eventually madness. The Yellow Wallpaper, published in 1892, is the story of a woman whose husband forces her into isolation because he tells her she is sick. Throughout the story, the narrator informs the reader that she is not sick, but by the end of the story, she does become mentally ill. Her madness occurs after the isolation her husband forces her into causes her to become obsessed with the wallpaper. Her husbands control over her life also causes her to become obsessed with breaking free from the power he has over her life. Her obsessions cause her to lose herself to madness as she begins to see things that are not real. The Yellow Wallpaper shows the reader that the narrator goes mad because of her isolation. Her isolation from the world causes her to become obsessed with the wallpaper that she is surrounded by. Because her husband is convinced that she is sick, the narrator is forced to stay locked inside a house until she shows signs of improvement. The longer this goes on, the crazier she gets as she begins seeing things in the wallpaper. Throughout the story, John says things such as Can you not trust me as a physician when I tell you so? to convince her that he is right about her mental health when he is completely wrong (Gilman 474). His ability to manipulate her into thinking he is right about the so-called illness helps to cause the narrators madness. The way he manipulates her causes her to resent him, causing her to go mad out of frustration and anger. The way he treats the narrator makes her want to defeat him and the power he holds over her. The narrators husbands control over her life takes a very large toll on her sanity. When the narrator starts to lose her mind completely, she begins to believe the wallpaper moves because The woman behind shakes it! (Gilman 476). Since she stays in the room with the yellow wallpaper all day, she stares at it for a very long time, and this causes her to begin to hallucinate things moving and shaking inside of the paper. Her hallucinations of what is behind the paper is a sign of her going mad. She also becomes possessive of the wallpaper as if she does not want to share it with anyone else who is in the house which is the opposite of how she felt in the beginning. She hates how the wallpaper looks and makes her feel in the beginning. Her attachment to the paper shows how she is starting to go mad. The woman she sees inside of the wallpaperis herself, trying to break out of her life (Showalter 5). The version of herself she sees in the wallpaper wants to be free just like she does in h er own life, but this version of herself is the crazier side of her or the side the reader sees when she fully goes mad. Her obsession with the wallpaper and the woman she sees inside of it drive her mad. By the end, the narrator has defeated him only by destroying herself (Showalter 5). She breaks the woman out of the wallpaper which is her just allowing the madness to fully consume her. By breaking free from her husbands control, she has driven herself into a state of madness that is beyond repair. While the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper goes insane because of her husbands control of her life, A Rose for Emily, published in 1930, shows how a fathers rule can do similar damage. A Rose for Emily is about a woman whose father forces her into isolation because he does not believe anyone is worthy enough to be in his daughters life. Her father dies, leaving her all alone with no one to care for her or make decisions for her and her future. His control over her life causes a lot of damage as she does not have anyone else in her life to take care of her after he passes away. Her fathers death causes her to become obsessed with finding someone to fill the hole her father left, so she will not be alone anymore. In A Rose for Emily, Emilys madness is caused by her father controlling who she allowed into her life. The creation of her madness starts long before her fathers death, but his passing causes things to completely spiral for her. The town all knew about the young men her father had driven away (Faulkner 32). Emilys father believed that all the potential suitors who came into her life were not worthy enough for her. No one lived up to his expectations of who Emily needed in her life, so when her father was alive, he was the only person who was really in Emilys life because he pushed everyone else away from her. The isolation from the rest of the world that she experienced did not prepare her for life after her fathers death. After he died, Emily went out very little (Faulkner 31). Emilys past and present isolation from the rest of the world causes her to become obsessed with the idea of not being alone anymore. She starts to hate the idea of not being alone anymore so much that she goe s to extreme lengths to keep someone trapped in her life. Because her father controlled and provided for her, Emily does not know how to handle life without him. She has never lived life without someone making every decision for her future. When Homer Barron came into her life, she did not want him to leave her. She could not handle the thought of being alone anymore. She physically wanted someone in her life that would never leave her side. When she died, town members went inside her house and found that The man himself lay in the bed (Faulkner 35). Emily became so obsessed with not wanting to be alone that the obsession drove her to kill Homer. When she killed Homer, there was no way for him to be driven away like all the other potential suitors her father drove off. She kept his body hidden inside her house, so she would not be left by herself again. Emilys obsession with not being left alone drove her so crazy that she ended up murdering someone to keep them trapped in her world. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily have a few similarities. Both stories are about women who suffered from isolation and obsession that caused madness. They also share the fact that their insanity is caused by the control the patriarchal society has over their lives. Both stories are set in a time where men still had a lot of authority and say over womens lives, futures, and decisions. Both stories end with the women losing their minds because of the anger, frustration, and resentment they kept built up inside for the men in their lives that held them under their control. Although The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily share similarities, they are also still very different from each other. In the first story, the narrator is forced into isolation by her husband who is a doctor. In the second story, Emily is isolated by her father who does not believe any man is good enough to be her husband. Although both stories take place in times where women are still controlled by men, they were written almost forty years apart as The Yellow Wallpaper was written in 1890 and A Rose for Emily was written in 1929. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator becomes obsessed with the yellow paper as well as the hallucinations of the different version of herself she is seeing within the wallpaper. In A Rose for Emily, Emily becomes obsessed with the idea of not being alone. The narrator obsesses over breaking free so much that it drives her insane, and she rips off the wallpaper to free the crazy version of herself. Emily is driven so insane by her obsession of not being alone that she kills her potential suitor, so he cannot decide to leave her all alone. The narrators obsession with the wallpaper just drove her to break free. However, Emilys obsession with not being lonely in her life anymore drove her to murder. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily both tell stories of women who go mad because of the patriarchal society, but the ways they go mad are slightly different. Patriarchal describes a situation where men hold power over women. In both main characters cases, their madness is caused by isolation and obsession. These stories have many similarities such as the fact that men keep them isolated from the rest of the world, and both stories happen in times where men could control womens lives. However, they also have their differences. Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper in 1890 while Faulkner wrote A Rose for Emily in 1929. The narrator becomes obsessed with the wallpaper while Emily becomes obsessed with not being alone in life. The narrators obsession with being free from her husbands control causes her to go mad and defeat her husband. Emilys obsession with not wanting to be alone causes her to go crazy and kill Homer. The stories relate to each other in very many ways, but it is very clear that there are a lot more differences than similarities. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature: Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gloria. Pearson Longman. 30-36. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gloria. Pearson Longman. 468-478. Showalter, Elaine. Killing the Angel in the House: The Autonomy of Women Writers. The Antioch Review 50. 50th Anniversary (1992): 208-220. JSTOR. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.